雅思考官手把手教你学英语语法：被动语态

　　欢迎回来!在这五篇文章中，我们将讨论各种雅思考试可能出现的复杂语法结构。之前我们介绍了定语从句，提出几种提高定语从句使用能力的方法。本文我们来研究被动语态。
 

　　主动语态与被动语态

　　语态是我们用来描述事件的参与者(主语或宾语)和行为(或状态)之间关系的术语。动词在语态中可以是主动的，也可以是被动的。在主动语态句子中，主语与动词之间是直接关系：主语是动作的发出者(例如He cancelled the meeting.)。在被动语态句子中，主语不是动作的发出者(例如：The meeting was cancelled.)
 

　　什么是被动语态

　　被动语态用于受行为形象的人或物，而不是发出行为的人或物。在The meeting was cancelled这句话中，读者的注意力会集中在Meeting会议上。尽管被动语态在写作中使用的非常多，尤其正式和学术类文体中。在口语中，被动语态也经常会用到：
 

　　·当不知道行为发出者的时候：

　　The church was built in the 1600’s.
 

　　·当行为发出者并不重要的时候：

　　That’s when I realized my bag had been stolen.
 

　　·当行为发出者数量很多的时候：

　　As much as 95% of the world’s oceans haven’t been explored.
 

　　·当行为发出者非常明确的时候：

　　Some celebrities just hate being interviewed.
 

　　如果我们想用被动语态表达某人或某事在发出行为，应该使用介词by(by+doer)。但是当我们真正想强调发出动作的doer时，最好使用主动语态。

被动语态	主动语态
“The Better Angels of our Nature” was written by Steven Pinker.	Steven Pinker wrote “The Better Angels of our Nature”.
My house was decorated by a professional interior designer.	A professional interior designer decorated my house.

　　被动语态的结构

　　我们用to be+动词过去分词形式来构成被动语态。在不同时态中，被动语态的表现形式如下：

时态	动词形式		例句
一般现在时	am are is	+过去分词	The roasted beans are crushed to form a liquor.
现在进行时	am are is	+being+过去分词	The painting is being auctioned.
一般过去时	was were	+过去分词	Most of the money was spent on food and clothing.
过去进行时	was were	+being+过去分词	I knew we were being watched.
现在完成时	have has	+been+过去分词	This problem has been known for many years, yet people choose to ignore it.
过去完成时	have has	+been+过去分词	His sister had been brought up in Malaysia.
含有情态动词的被动语态	can will might could should may must would	+be+过去分词	Overall, it can be seen that the most significant sources of energy were gas and coal.
含有情态动词的完成时被动语态	could must should would	+have been+过去分词	The show should have been cancelled.

　　注意，不及物动词，即不能直接带宾语的动词，不能用于被动语态。(例如He died.表达正确;He was died.表达错误)。同样，一些状态动词，例如belong, lack,和resemble等只能用于主动语态。
 

　　由于被动语态在雅思A类写作考试中使用的最为广泛，所以你需要在写作部分尽可能多的练习被动语态的用法，尤其是Task1图表描述题中(例如The water is then treated with chemicals and stored in tanks.)。同时，不要过度使用被动语态，你应该向考官展示多种多样的语法结构。
 

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